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Social Learning Theory was proposed by Albert Bandura and is a cognitive learning theory that occurs in a social context. It suggests that individuals acquire new behaviors through observation and imitation of others, rather than solely through direct instruct...

Attitudes are evaluative statements—either favorable or unfavorable—about objects, people, or events. They represent an individual's feelings or beliefs about something and shape how they perceive their environment, make decisions, and behave in various situat...

Understanding job attitudes is crucial for organizations as they directly influence employee behavior, motivation, and overall organizational performance. Three significant types of job attitudes include: Job Satisfaction Organizational Commitment Job In...

Organizational commitment refers to the degree to which an employee identifies with an organization, its goals, and values, and their desire to remain a member of that organization. Employees who are strongly committed to their organization typically show high...

Perception is the process through which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment. It is an essential cognitive function that helps people understand and make sense of the world around them. Perception i...

In organizational settings, people often use mental shortcuts when perceiving and evaluating others. These shortcuts, while useful for quickly making sense of complex situations, can lead to perceptual errors and biases. Understanding these common shortcuts is...

What is Management? (Nature) Management is all about getting things done by planning, organizing, leading, and controlling people and resources. Imagine you're leading a team for a school project. To finish on time and do a good job, you need to plan (figure o...

A manager is like the captain of a sports team or the leader of a group project. Their job is to guide and support the team to make sure everything goes smoothly. Here's how: 1. Planner Managers decide what needs to be done and how to do it. They make a plan t...

Managers need certain skills to do their job well, just like you need different skills for school, sports, or hobbies. Here are the key managerial skills: 1. Technical Skills These are the specific skills a manager needs to understand the job their team is doi...

1. Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor) Scientific management was introduced by Frederick Taylor in the early 1900s, and it focuses on making work as efficient as possible. Taylor wanted to figure out the "one best way" to do a job so that workers could be...

F.W. Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory, also known as Taylorism, is a management approach developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It focuses on improving workplace efficiency through scientific methods and clear man...

Division of Work This principle means breaking work into smaller tasks and assigning those tasks to different people. When everyone focuses on one task, they become really good at it, and the work gets done faster and better. Example: In a fast-food restaura...

Behavioral Management Theory (also known as the Human Relations Movement) is all about focusing on the people in the workplace, not just the tasks they perform. It emphasizes understanding human behavior, motivation, and the importance of teamwork. This theory...

1. What Were They Trying to Find? At first, researchers just wanted to see how changes in physical work conditions would affect worker productivity. They thought things like improving lighting or giving workers more breaks might help them work faster and bett...

Systems Theory in management is all about seeing an organization as part of a larger system, where everything is interconnected and works together to achieve a goal. Instead of focusing only on one part of the organization, like just the workers or just the te...

Lawrence and Lorsch's Contingency Theory says that there is no single best way to manage or organize a company. Instead, the best way depends on the situation the company is in. Different parts of the organization might need different approaches, but they all ...

The functions of management are the main tasks or roles that managers perform to help an organization run smoothly. Think of these functions like steps that a manager follows to ensure that things get done efficiently and successfully. There are five main fun...

Nature of Planning Planning is the first and one of the most important functions of management. It involves thinking ahead and deciding in advance what needs to be done, how it should be done, when it should be done, and by whom. It’s like creating a roadmap o...

There are different types of plans that managers use to help guide their organizations or projects toward success. Each type of plan serves a different purpose, from setting long-term goals to handling day-to-day tasks. Let me explain the main types of plans i...

Let’s break down the levels of planning based on four important factors: time, level, broadness, and use. This will help explain how each type of planning differs in its focus and purpose. 1. Strategic Planning Time: Long-term (typically 3 to 5 years, or eve...