Skip to main content

Deductive or inductive knowledge framework

Here we delve into the logical framework of Nyaya's argumentation model, specifically within the context of Vāda (constructive dialogue).

Nyaya's Five-Step Model

Nyaya proposes a five-step model for presenting arguments in a Vāda, combining elements of both deductive and inductive reasoning:

  1. Pratijñā (Hypothesis): This step involves stating the proposition or claim that needs to be proven.
  2. Hetu (Reason): This step provides the main reason or evidence supporting the hypothesis.
  3. Udāharaṇa (General Rule and Example): This step involves stating a general rule that connects the reason (Hetu) to the proposition (Pratijñā) and providing a well-known example that illustrates this rule.
  4. Upanaya (Application): This step demonstrates the similarity between the example and the current case being discussed, strengthening the argument.
  5. Nigamana (Conclusion): This step reiterates the proposition (Pratijñā) as a proven conclusion, highlighting that the ambiguity has been resolved.

Key Features

  • Deductive and Inductive Elements: Nyaya's model combines deductive reasoning, where the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, and inductive reasoning, where the conclusion is supported by observations and examples.
  • Emphasis on Examples: Unlike Greek logic, Nyaya requires providing specific examples to support general rules, grounding the argument in empirical observations.
  • Systematic and Convincing: The five-step model ensures a clear and structured presentation of the argument, making it more convincing and easier to follow.

Ensuring Valid Knowledge

The knowledge obtained through this process should meet two crucial criteria:

  • Non-Fallacious: The argument should be free from logical fallacies (Hetvabhasas).
  • Consistency with Established Knowledge: The new knowledge should not contradict existing tenets, ensuring coherence with the broader knowledge system.

By following this structured approach and adhering to these principles, Nyaya aims to establish valid and reliable knowledge through a robust process of argumentation.

Back to top