Janapada and Durga: Territory and Fortified Capital
Introduction
Here we will focus on two more elements of the seven elements of a Kautilyan state: Janapada (Territory) and Durga (Fortified Capital). We will see their importance in public administration and governance.
Janapada: The Settled Territory
The countryside, or Janapada, is the source of all economic activity and therefore crucial for a king's power. Effective public administration requires engaging in activities related to the land under the kingdom's control.
Arthashastra highlights various aspects of the territory:
- Different types of land
- Forts
- Irrigation works
- Forests
- Mines
- Trade routes
- Road networks
Creating new settlements in remote villages and populating them with native citizens or foreigners is also discussed.
Protecting the Kingdom
Arthashastra recommends building four forts on the frontiers of the country, one for each quarter, equipped for defense against enemies. It also provides details on the best locations for building forts and other strategic considerations.
Administrative Divisions
Arthashastra outlines a detailed administrative division of the territory, with a hierarchical structure:
- Sangrahana: A sub-district unit for every 10 villages.
- Karvatika: A district headquarters for every 200 villages.
- Dronamukha: A divisional headquarters for every 400 villages.
- Sthaniya: An administrative center for every 800 villages.
This structure emphasizes the importance of devolving power and decision-making authority.
Durga: The Fortified Capital
The defense of the state relies on the fort, or Durga. The safety and security of the country depend on the safety of the king, making the fortified capital crucial.
Importance of Durga
Durga serves as a place where the king can take refuge and withstand a siege in case of attack by a strong enemy. This allows time for diplomatic efforts to ease the enemy's pressure. A well-designed Durga also provides the opportunity to use the army for both offense and defense.
Arthashastra describes five types of forts and provides details on their construction and ideal terrain.
Planning the Capital City
Book 2 of Arthashastra offers details on the layout and planning of the capital city, including specifications for zoning and land use patterns. The plan features 12 gates, earmarked places for various activities, and a road network.
Fortification Details
The fortification of the capital city is an elaborate exercise. Arthashastra recommends surrounding the capital with three moats, either natural or artificial, filled with lotuses and crocodiles. Ramparts with thorny bushes, parapet walls, escape doors, and paths for soldiers are also specified.
Conclusion
Janapada and Durga are crucial elements in the Kautilyan state, representing the territory and fortified capital, respectively. The principles and details discussed above highlight the importance of strategic planning, resource management, and defense in public administration.