New Page
Public Administration in Epics
Introduction
In this section we will explore public administration themes in the Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. We will understand how these ancient texts offer valuable insights into governance, leadership, and ethical considerations for those in positions of power.
Mahabharata: Counsel from Bhishma
After the Kurukshetra war, Yudhishthira seeks counsel from Bhishma on governance and administration. Their extensive conversation, captured in Shanti Parva (Book 12) of the Mahabharata, covers various aspects of Raja Dharma, including the origin and purpose of the state, the rule of law, kingship, duties and powers of the king, taxation, battle strategies, and selecting ministers.
Key Principles from Bhishma's Teachings
- Importance of Dharma: Bhishma emphasizes that dharma is essential for the prosperity and well-being of a state. A king embodying dharma is crucial for the protection and preservation of wealth.
- Kingship: The term "Raja" (king) originates from the Sanskrit word "virajate," meaning "shines," signifying that a king shines through his reign centered on dharma.
- Taxation: Bhishma cautions Yudhishthira about excessive taxation, likening it to milking a cow–overdoing it will destroy the source of revenue.
- Sources of Revenue: Bhishma suggests various sources for augmenting the treasury, including land revenue, fines, taxes on merchants and traders in exchange for protection.
Ramayana: Lessons in Governance
The Ramayana, specifically Chapter 100 (Kaschit Sarga) of the Ayodhya Kanda, presents a conversation between Rama and Bharata that offers valuable lessons in public administration. Rama, through a series of questions, imparts wisdom on various aspects of governance, including wise counsel, justice, punishment, secrecy, urban development, and citizen welfare.
Key Takeaways from Rama's Questions
- Urban Development and Citizen Welfare: Rama's questions reveal his concern for the well-being of his subjects, emphasizing the importance of agriculture, cattle rearing, social festivities, and economic prosperity.
- Justice and Punishment: Rama advises Bharata on the importance of just punishment, warning against punishing the innocent and letting the guilty go free.
Relevance of Epic Wisdom
The teachings from the Mahabharata and the Ramayana remain relevant for contemporary public administration, offering timeless principles of ethical leadership, just governance, and citizen welfare.