Strategic make or buy decisions in global supply chains

A make-or-buy decision is a critical strategic choice for companies, determining whether to manufacture a product or component in-house ("make") or to purchase it from an external supplier ("buy"). This decision is a fundamental aspect of supply chain management and strategic planning and goes beyond simple cost analysis, involving various strategic and operational considerations.

Factors Influencing Make-or-Buy Decisions

1. Cost Considerations: Companies analyze the total cost of manufacturing a product in-house versus purchasing it externally, including direct costs (labor, materials) and indirect costs (overheads, equipment, and technology investments).
2. Quality Control: High-quality standards are crucial. Companies must evaluate whether they can maintain quality standards better in-house or by relying on external suppliers.
3. Capacity and Scalability: The company's ability to meet production demands in-house is essential. If internal production requires a substantial investment for scalability, outsourcing may be a better option.
4. Core Competencies and Focus: Businesses benefit from focusing on their core competencies. Activities outside these areas may be more efficiently managed by specialized suppliers.
5. Risk Management: Outsourcing can help mitigate risks such as fluctuating demand, but it also introduces risks like potential supply chain disruptions and reduced control over production.
6. Speed to Market: How quickly a product can be brought to market is a key consideration. In-house production may offer better control over timelines, while outsourcing may introduce delays.
7. Flexibility and Innovation: Companies must assess each option’s impact on their ability to innovate and respond to market changes. In-house production often provides more control, while outsourcing can access external expertise.
8. Intellectual Property: When proprietary processes or technologies are involved, companies may prefer in-house production to safeguard intellectual property.

Costs of Making vs. Buying

Make (In-house Production)

• Production costs
• Additional labor costs
• Monitoring and quality control costs
• Storage requirements
• Waste disposal costs

Buy (Outsourcing)

• Product purchase price
• Sales tax charges
• Shipping and delivery costs
• Inventory holding costs
• Ordering and administrative costs

Decision-Making Process for Make-or-Buy

1. Needs Analysis: Understanding specific product requirements, including specifications, volume, and delivery timelines.
2. Evaluating Internal Capabilities: Assessing if the company has the resources, skills, and technology to produce in-house.
3. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Comparing costs and benefits for each option, including financial and non-financial factors.
4. Strategic Fit: Aligning the make-or-buy decision with the company’s long-term goals and strategic objectives.
5. Risk Assessment: Identifying risks associated with each choice and weighing them against potential rewards.
6. Informed Decision-Making: Making a decision based on a comprehensive analysis of all factors.

Sample Make-or-Buy Decision Tree

The following decision tree outlines a typical decision-making flow:

• Is the capacity available in-house?
  • Yes: Proceed to the next question.
  • No: Consider buying from an external supplier.
• Is making in-house cost-competitive?
  • Yes: Continue evaluating.
  • No: Consider buying from an external supplier.
• Is there a strong business case for making in-house?
  • Yes: Proceed with in-house production.
  • No: Consider external options.
• Are contract manufacturers available?
  • Yes: Evaluate if buying from a contract manufacturer is viable.
  • No: Redefine or reconsider the product strategy.
• Is intellectual property a concern?
  • Yes: Prefer in-house production to safeguard IP.
  • No: Continue evaluating external options.

Key Elements of the Make vs. Buy Decision

• Purpose: The make-or-buy decision framework should cover all criteria, using a balanced segmentation framework and considering internal and external costs, synergies, and strategic impact.
• Criteria: Clear, consistent criteria applied throughout the decision-making process.
• Segmentation: Proper segmentation of products, considering both market-facing and operational aspects.
• Cost: Considers both internal and external costs, with a focus on maximizing supply chain synergies.

In global supply chains, the make-or-buy decision is a strategic tool that, when applied thoughtfully, can enhance a company's ability to innovate, manage costs, and maintain flexibility in a competitive landscape.