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1. Importance of Delivery in Presentations A presentation is not just about slides; the speaker is the primary focus. 90% of the impact comes from verbal and non-verbal communication, while slides contribute only 10%. The audience should focus on the speaker ...

1. Challenges of Online Presentations Lack of audience feedback – People often keep cameras off, making engagement difficult. Distractions – Viewers may multitask, reducing attention. Technical issues – Network problems, unclear audio, and small screen sizes ...

1. Importance of Well-Designed Slides Slides support the presentation but do not replace the speaker. A structured approach helps create engaging and persuasive slides. 2. Steps to Create Effective Slides 1. Planning the Content Define the objective – What ...

1. Explain the three primary sources of entrepreneurial ideas with examples. Problems/Needs in the Environment: Identifying societal gaps (e.g., PerSapien addressing Delhi’s pollution). Skills and Hobbies: Turning passions into ventures (e.g., Rohan Kini’s ...

Uses of Financial Reports External users rely on financial reports: Investors – assess financial health before investing. Lenders – evaluate risk before giving loans. Tax authorities, suppliers, and customers – review company’s financial status. Int...

R&D Project Decision Example Project cost: 100 m Estimated benefits (original): 160 m Amount already spent: 40 m (this year) Remaining spend: 60 m (next year) Revised estimated benefit: 90 m Decision point: If you include the total cost (100 m), revenu...

1. Illustrative Example: Government Hospital Tender Context: You work for a government hospital inviting tenders for two widely used tablets. Products: Tablet A (Adult): Contains a few chemicals with higher dosages. Tablet B (Children): Shares three ...

Cost Sheet Preparation: Autocomp Ltd 1. Cost Sheet Overview Definition: Final output of the costing department showing cost of production per unit. Service Industry: Analogous cost sheet shows cost of delivering each service. 2. Company & Products Compa...

Service Sector Costing 1. Importance of Service Sector Contributes over 61 % of GDP (up from 59 % two years ago) Generates ~25 % of government tax revenue via service taxes Includes banking, insurance, transport, healthcare, tourism, telecom, IT/BPO, educatio...

Introduction Company: RK Forging, based in Coimbatore. Industries Served: Power, Automotive, Oil & Gas, Construction, Mining, Locomotive, Marine, Aerospace. Capacity Utilization: Currently 62% (Idle: 38%). Profitability (2014): Revenue: ₹137 million Prof...

Broad Methods of Product Costing There are two broad methods of product costing: 1. Job Costing Used by firms in: Construction industry Consulting Software And many others Characteristics: Jobs are different and specific to customers. 2. Process Costin...

1. Job as a Cost Object Definition: A job is treated as a cost object. All costs related to that specific job are collected under its cost object. Job Cost Sheet: Opened as soon as a customer gives a job. Contains a unique job code, which may include: Pr...

1. Extension of Job Costing Definition: Customer costing extends job costing by pooling costs of all jobs executed for a single customer, making the customer itself a cost object. Purpose: Determine customer‐level profitability Rank customers by profit co...

1. Process Industries Definition: Firms producing identical products or services through a continuous process. Examples: Manufacturing: Cement, fertilizer, steel, rice noodles, paints, chemicals Service: Banking, insurance, postal, courier Costing Meth...

1. Introduction Real‑world reality: Processes incur losses, wastage, defective units. Loss timing: Throughout process (e.g., chemical evaporation) At end of process (e.g., assembly defect detected) Loss classification: Normal loss → expected in effi...

1. Definitions & Context Joint Products: Two or more products of significant value emerging simultaneously from a single production process (e.g., petrol & diesel in oil refinery). By‑Products: Secondary outputs of relatively low value (e.g., molasses from ...

1. Definitions Direct Costs Traceable to a specific product Examples: wood, plywood, laminations Indirect Costs (Overhead) Cannot be traced to a single product Examples: Supervisor’s salary Factory rent Equipment depreciation 2. Allocation Challe...

1. Allocation Principle Cause & Effect: A product should absorb the cost of any department whose services it uses. 2. Department Groups Production Departments Directly involved in manufacturing (e.g., Assembly, Maintenance, Inspection, Packing, Stores, D...