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Nyaya Philosophy 1. Introduction Nyaya is often paired with Vaisheshika due to shared concerns. Both analyze experiences (perceptual and non-perceptual). Basic Assumption: Valid experience must reflect reality. Nyaya believes earlier cognitions must be accep...

Vaisheshika Philosophy 1. Introduction Vaisheshika is traditionally paired with Nyaya. Attributed to Kanada Rishi (along with Panini). Kanada Vaisheshika Sutras authored by Kanada. Prasastapada provided commentary on these sutras (5th Century). Merged with ...

Purva Mimamsa Darshana 1. Introduction Purva Mimamsa (Dharma Mimamsa) is paired with Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa). Purva Mimamsa's tenets are based on the karma kanda of the Vedas (Brahmanas & Samhitas). Vedanta's tenets are based on the jnana kanda (Upanishads)...

Vedanta & Advaita Vedanta 1. Introduction to Vedanta Vedanta is the most important and popular of the Vedic Darshanas. Focuses on the Upanishadic portion of the Veda (foundational text). "Prasthanatraya": Three foundational texts for Vedanta: Upanishads (co...

Vishishtadvaita Philosophy 1. Introduction Vishishtadvaita is a sub-school of Vedanta. Shares the core Vedanta question: What is the relationship between Jiva and Brahman? 2. Core Tenet: Part-Whole Relationship Vishishtadvaita answer: Jiva and Brahman are ...

Dvaita Vedanta Philosophy 1. Introduction Dvaita Vedanta is another sub-school of Vedanta. Key question: What is the relationship between Jiva and Brahman? 2. Core Tenet: Absolute Difference Relationship between Jiva and Brahman is like A : B - completely ...

Jaina Philosophy 1. Introduction Jaina Darshana is a non-Vedic philosophical system. Has its own canonical works and Puranas (like the Hindu tradition). Has a version of the Ramayana in the Jaina tradition. Over time, Jainas divided into two groups: Shvetam...

Buddhist Philosophy 1. Introduction Buddhism (Bauddha Darshana) is a significant non-Vedic philosophical system. Founder: Gautama Buddha (historical figure, 6th-5th century BCE). Focus: Means of ending suffering for all individuals. 2. Buddha's Journey Rai...

Charvaka Philosophy 1. Introduction Charvaka Darshana (also called Lokayata) is the last of the non-Vedic Darshanas. Difficult to reconstruct its tenets due to the lack of surviving literature. Knowledge is obtained from fragments in other works. 2. Key Fea...

Importance of Language Communication: Fundamental for interaction (e.g., asking "how are you?", "did you have breakfast?"). Crucial for scientific discovery, advancement of knowledge, and collaborative work. Trade, Science, Technology & Societal Progress...

Introduction This section delves into how syntax is developed and how to make sense of form and sound in language. The earliest known approach to this is Panini's work, a grammarian from the 6th Century BCE (approximately 2800 years ago). Panini and Aşțādhy...

Introduction Phonetics is the starting point for language, especially for cultures with a strong oral tradition. Oral Tradition and the Vedas The Vedas, transmitted orally for thousands of years, have survived due to scientific methods of oral rendering. Th...

Introduction After discussing phonetics, we now examine Sanskrit word generation as created by Panini through his Ashtadhyayi. The ultimate building block of any language is the word. Language as Assemblage of Words Language is an assemblage of words. Word...

Introduction The mechanism in Ashtadhyayi is: take a word (a base), add a suffix, and apply rules. This methodology is similar to many computational concepts. Panini's Computational Concepts Examine the computational concepts that Panini used in Ashtadhyayi...

Introduction This section begins with the basic building block of Panini's entire scheme of things. These are called Maheshwara-sutras. Maheshwara-sutras Panini's entire Sanskrit grammar rests on these 14 fundamental sets of sutras known as Maheshwara-sutr...

Introduction In this section we examine another aspect of Paninian grammatical operations. Ashtadhyayi employs Recursive Logic to process grammatical applications. One example: the logic of Samasa (a method of creating compound words). Samasa Samasa means c...

Chapter 05 - Linguistics: Rule-Based Operations Introduction Examine another aspect of Panini's computational elements. Rule-Based Processing Sanskrit language uses rule-based processing. Panini's system applies grammatical conditions to derive words (rule-...

Introduction Examine the logic for Sentence Construction in Panini's grammar. There is a logic or method in constructing a sentence. Basic Logic of Sentence Structure Verb Requirement: A sentence must have a verb (explicit or implicit). Verb denotes an ac...

Introduction This section emphasizes the importance of verbs. Everything revolves around the verb because action is the basis for language. Role of Verbs If there is no action, there is no need for language. The previous discussion established the verb's im...

Introduction Examine the role of the Sanskrit language (Panini's) in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Salient features of the language Rule-based Unambiguous Structures are modular You can disassemble and understand all these are interesting points"" The...