Surgical Techniques in Ancient India

Here we explore the history of surgical techniques in ancient India, highlighting the motivations, practices, and tools used in procedures known as Salya-tantra.

Motivations for Surgical Intervention

The development of surgical techniques was driven by the need to treat injuries, particularly those caused by arrows in battles. Additionally, surgical interventions were developed to address punishments like nose or tongue cutting.

Sushruta Samhita: A Cornerstone of Ancient Indian Surgery

We have recognized Sushruta Samhita as a significant text that provides a clinical approach to major surgical operations. Sushruta, considered the father of Indian surgery, emphasized surgeon training, ethical codes, and social conduct for medical professionals.

Surgical Instruments

Sushruta Samhita mentions a variety of surgical instruments, including 101 blunt and 20 sharp instruments. These instruments included needles, suture materials, splints, fracture beds, bandages, forceps, and finger knives.

Clinical Approaches and Procedures

Let us highlight some of Sushruta’s clinical approaches and surgical procedures:

• Paracentesis: Described as a method for removing fluid from the abdomen in cases of ascites, involving the use of bandages to prevent further accumulation.

• Urinary Calculi Removal: Ancient techniques for removing urinary calculi were similar to modern surgical methods.

• Fumigation: Sushruta recommended fumigating the operation theatre with substances like guggulu to minimize infection, a practice similar to modern disinfection techniques.

• Bloodletting: Techniques like cupping and leech application were used to treat diseases like high blood pressure and sciatica.

• Fracture Management: Barks of trees like Madhuca, Udumbera, and Ashwatha were used for splints, serving as antiseptics and immobilizing the affected area.

• Rhinoplasty: Sushruta Samhita provides detailed instructions for reconstructing the nose using skin flaps from the cheek or forehead.

Conclusion

Thus we conclude that ancient Indians, particularly Sushruta, made significant contributions to surgical techniques. Many of the practices and principles described in Sushruta Samhita remain relevant in modern surgery.