Temple architecture in India

Temple Architecture in India

Introduction

Let us delve into the science and thought behind the magnificent architecture of ancient Indian temples. Let us also understand the significance of temples in Vastu-shastra and discusses the various components, styles, and design elements that contribute to their unique character.

Temples in Vastu-shastra

Temples (prasada) hold a significant place in Vastu-shastra, considered auspicious structures built by kings and wealthy individuals. These structures typically feature grid ground plans, towering heights, and intricate sculptures adorning the walls and towers. The themes and stories depicted in these sculptures are often drawn from Puranic lore, such as the Dashavatara (ten incarnations of Vishnu) and the Gajendra Moksha (elephant rescued by Vishnu).

Temple Architecture Styles

Indian temple architecture can be broadly classified into two styles:

• Nagara (North Indian style)
• Dravida (South Indian style)

Vastu texts extensively discuss various aspects of temple construction, including:

• Temple components
• Temple types
• Design elements
• Structural elements
• Iconography of idols
• Temple complex layout using Vastu-purusha-mandala

Temple Components

1. Garbhagriha (Sanctum Sanctorum): The most important part of the temple, where the presiding deity resides. It is located at the center of the Vastu-purusha-mandala, and all other structures are positioned in relation to it.

2. Mandapa (Pavilion): Pillared structures built in front of the Garbhagriha, serving various functions. They can be classified based on their purpose and location:

   • Mukha-mandapa (entry pavilion)
   • Ardha-mandapa (front pavilion)
   • Maha-mandapa (main pavilion)

   South Indian temples classify mandapas based on the number of pillars they have.

3. Prahara (Open Space for Circumambulation): The open space surrounding the Garbhagriha, allowing devotees to perform pradakshina (circumambulation). There can be multiple praharas depending on the temple's size.

Other Architectural Elements

• Adhisthana (Base Platform): The foundation on which the entire temple structure rests, with various designs proposed in Vastu texts.
• Stambha (Pillars): Support various structures and contribute to the temple's elevation.
• Prastara (Entablature): A significant part of the multi-storied temple structure.
• Shikhara (Tower): The towering structure above the Vimana, often crowned with a dome-shaped element.
• Stupi (Finial): The topmost element of the temple structure.

Conclusion

Ancient Indian temples are a testament to the architectural, engineering, and artistic skills of the past. The various components, styles, and design elements discussed above provide a glimpse into the rich tradition of temple architecture in India.