Vastu-shastra: The Science of Architecture

Introduction

Vastu-shastra, the ancient Indian science of architecture, deals with the art of proper placement and alignment of structures in harmony with the five elements (Panchamahabhuta): Earth, Water, Fire, Air, and Space. Here we will explore the core concepts of Vastu-shastra, its historical context, and its relevance in contemporary construction and design.

Understanding Vastu

The term "Vastu" originates from the Sanskrit phrase "Vasanti praninah yatra," meaning "where living beings dwell." It encompasses the design, fabrication, and construction of spaces for human use, aligning with the modern concept of architecture. Vastu-shastra considers four fundamental elements: the earth (bhumi), temples or palaces (prasada), convenience (yana), and couches (shayana).

Aligning with the Panchamahabhuta

Vastu-shastra emphasizes the integration of natural forces in the design and construction of buildings. The goal is to achieve the intended use of the structure by optimizing its alignment with the Panchamahabhuta. This holistic approach distinguishes Vastu-shastra from mere decorative or symbolic practices.

Topics Covered in Vastu-shastra

Vastu-shastra addresses a wide range of architectural and planning aspects, including:

• Town Planning: Site selection, design of towns and villages, capital city planning, and land use patterns.
• Civil Architecture: Design of palaces, houses, forts, public buildings, theaters, libraries, and other public infrastructure.
• Temple Architecture: Construction of temples, temple components, and iconography (idol making).
• Artistic Elements: Paintings, furniture, doors, sculptures, and other decorative aspects.
• Other Aspects: Qualification of architects (sthapati), choice of building materials, and site planning (Vastu Purusha Mandala).

Vastu-shastra Texts

The principles of Vastu-shastra are derived from ancient texts written by scholars and architects. Some notable texts include:

• Kashyapashilpa: Treatise on architecture and iconography, including temple construction and image making.
• Naradashilpashastra: Focuses on roads, water resources, village and town planning, and fortification.
• Vishvakarmaprakasha, Manasara, and Mayamatam: Comprehensive texts covering various aspects of architecture and planning, with Mayamatam considered one of the oldest.

Vastu Purusha Mandala

The Vastu Purusha Mandala is a fundamental concept in Vastu-shastra, representing the site plan of a building or settlement. It is typically square-shaped and divided into smaller squares, each attributed to a protecting deity. The center of the mandala is called Brahmasthala, representing the most sacred and auspicious location.

Conclusion

Vastu-shastra offers a comprehensive approach to architecture and planning, integrating natural forces, spatial geometry, and spiritual principles. Its concepts and techniques, derived from ancient texts and traditions, continue to influence contemporary design and construction practices in India.